VAGINAL SMEAR

Cytologic Changes Through the Canine Estrous Cycle

Stages of the canine estrous cycle can be defined by sexual behavior, physical signs (vulvar swelling, vaginal bleeding) or by vaginal cytology. The period of receptivity to a male varies considerably among bitches; some bitches are receptive well before and after the period of potential fertility. Similarly, signs such as "proestrus bleeding" are often unreliable indicators; some bitches bleed very little and other show bleeding through estrus and into diestrus.

Since cytologic changes reflect the underlying endocrine events of the cycle, they are almost always a better predictor of the "fertile time" and gestation length than are behavioral or physical signs.

Cytologic changes through the canine estrous cycle reflect changes in blood concentrations of estrogen. As depicted below, and described in more detail in the section on Canine Reproduction, estrogen levels rise prior to and during proestrus and fall in conjunction with the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone. Rising levels of estrogen induce the "cornification" that is characteristic of smears examined during estrus. Ovulation occurs two days after the LH surge.

The sections below describe the cytologic picture typical of different stages of the canine estrous cycle. Examination of a single smear can sometimes provide useful information, but can also be quite misleading. For example, it is often difficult to differentiate proestrus and diestrus from an isolated smear. It is therefore highly recommended that multiple smears be evaluated.



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